What Is The Cyber stalking

Cyber stalking Means Whoever with intent to coerce, intimidates, or harass any person uses computer, computer network, internet, network site, electronic mail or any other similar means of communication to.
• Communicate obscene, vulgar, profane, lewd, lascivious ,
• or indecent language, picture or image;
• make any suggestion or proposal of an obscene nature;
• threaten any illegal or immoral act;
• take or distribute pictures or photographs of any person
• without his consent or knowledge;
• display or distribute information in a manner that
• substantially increases the risk of harm or violence to any
• Other person commits the offence of cyber stalking.
Whoever commits the offence specified in sub-section (1) shall be punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years or with fine not exceeding three hundred thousand rupees, or with both.

What Are The Disadvantages Of E Business

Some Disadvantages of an E-Business are given as under:

Less security

The biggest obstacle in the growth of e-commerce is the issue of security. Internet is not a secured medium of communication. There are tools or options available to hackers whereby they can not only monitor but also control any data communicated over the internet. Particularly, people are not comfortable while providing their financial information (credit card no. etc.) online due to the fact that this information can be hacked and misused.

Less privacy

The nature of internet technology e-business is such that private information of the online customers can be easily collected and recorded on the server side. The buying pattern of a customer can be known to an e-shop with the help of certain sophisticated tools. You know that cookies can be used to track customers online in Electronic business. On one hand these technologies are useful for doing customization but on the other, they can be said to have caused the breach of informational privacy rights in E-Commerce of a person.

No physical proximity with items purchased

In certain cases the customers cannot decide about buying a thing before they can physically examine it. For example, a customer would ideally want to touch and feel the texture of a piece of cloth before buying. Similarly, a customer would actually want to smell a perfume before purchasing it. In the above or any similar case, people cannot expect to physically examine/test the thing while buying it online. Rather, they would prefer to buy such things from physical shops. An e-business has a limitation in this regard. This all known as Disadvantages of an E-Business

Make money with empowr Step 1

OPTIMIZE ACCOUNT

1. Why you need to optimize account when make money with empowr?

Optimize account helps you maximize earnings from posting contents.

2. How to optimize your account?

You need to check your empowr Home Page, if your account is not optimized, optimization gauge looks like this:

You need to click into the "Optimize now" button to optimize your account. If you optimized your account successfully, your optimization gauge looks like this:

3. What will happen after optimizing account?

-Power User Earning Accelerator will be turned ON.

-Managed Ad Campaign will be activated

-Earning Preference will be ON

4. What you must do to keep your account optimized?

-Ad Credit Utilization Controller must be at least 51%. For the best result, you must set 100%.

-Pay Ad Platform fee on time to keep Managed Ad Campaign actives.

-Do not turn Ad Credit or/and Earning Preference or/and Earning Accelerator OFF.

5. How much does this cost?

Account optimization is FREE but if some one has Ad Platform fee due, they have to pay fee in order to optimize account.

After account is optimized, Manage Ad Campaign will be activated and will utilize Ad Credits. You will need to pay monthly Ad Platform fee base on your Ad Credit utilized ( please review the section 3&4 above).

Your monthly Ad Platform fee = (fee rate) x (Ad Credit utilized)

Depend on what paying option that you choose, the fee rate might be 1.5x% (pay monthly option) or 2.9x% (pay when cash out option).

If you choose 2.9x%, your account will not be optimized and will not get the rebate earning that we will talk later. 

And we will talk more about Ad Credit soon.

Zong 1 35 Paisa 20 Seconds Call Package

With Zong +1 offer,Paisa Per 20 Seconds Call Package To any Network in Pakistan  Zong has revolutionized the concept of having to choose selected Friends and Family numbers by ensuring that the Zong family gets to talk freely no matter what network their friends and family may be on.

Customers who subscribe to Zong +1

will simply be able to choose their desired operator and enjoy discounted call rates of 35 paisa + tax / 20 seconds to that specific operator!

• Dial *515#
• Choose your favorite operator from Mobilink, Ufone, Telenor, Zong, or Warid
• Enjoy call rates of 35 paisa / 20 second to your favorite operator and Say It All!

How to Activate Zong +1 Call Package

• Dial *515# and choose the desired operator from the menu or
• Write the name of the operator which needs to be selected and send to 515

  • Zong +1 For example, if a customer wants to select:

  • Mobilink, he will SMS Mobilink to 515
  • System will accept Mobilink, Jazz, Indigo & anything starting with m, j or i
  • Telenor, he will SMS Telenor to 515
  • System will accept Telenor, Djuice & anything starting with t or d
  • Ufone, he will SMS Ufone to 515
  • System will accept Ufone & anything starting with u, v or y
  • Warid, he will SMS Warid to 515
  • System will accept Warid, Glow & anything starting with w or g
  • Zong, he will SMS Zong to 515
  • System will accept Zong, M9 & anything starting with z or m9 

  How to De-Activate
  

  Send "OFF" to 515

What Is The E Cash Payment System

A company, DigiCash, has pioneered the use of electronic cash or e-cash. Anonymity of the buyer is the key feature of this system. There are three participants in it, namely, buyer, merchant and bank. Both, symmetric and asymmetric type of cryptography is used in this system. Buyers and merchants, both, have accounts in the E-cash bank. Buyers withdraw coins against their account and store them in e-cash wallet software (Cyber wallet) on their computer. Cyber wallet stores and manages coins and records every transaction. Merchant forwards coins to e-cash bank which ensures that these have not already been spent and credits the account of the merchant.

E-cash Coins

The currency used in this payment system is called an e-cash coin or simply coin. A coin consists of three elements or parts - serial #, key version and serial no. signed by the secret or private key of a certain denomination of the e-cash bank. In other words, a coin of one dollar would consist of the following: Coin = Serial#, key version, {Serial #}SK bank’s $1 key Each coin has a unique value, partly minted by the client and partly by the e-cash bank.

Minting of the coin

A long serial no. is randomly generated by the client’s Cyber wallet in order to mint a coin. This serial no. is blinded, which means that it is multiplied with a blinding factor “r” and sent to the e-cash bank for signatures. Thus, the e-cash bank cannot see the serial no. it is signing. Key version (corresponding public key of the bank) is also part of the coin, and is sent usually at the time of account opening. An e-cash bank may have 1 dollar signature, 5 dollar signature or 10 dollar signature etc. If the client wants to mint a coin of 2 dollars then e-cash bank would use its private or secret key of 2 dollars to sign the serial no.

Make money with empowr Step 5

MAKE MONEY WITH empowr - SELLING

1. Selling is mandatory?

No.

2. Why you need to sell something or sponsor something?

This helps Monetize Your Network gauge move to green zone, so that helps you increase your potential income from posting contents (see step 4).

if you can list product for sale or sponsor product from other, you can increase your potential income

3. What kind of product that you can sell?

Almost everything as long as you do not against your country law, US law & empowrs TOS. In general you can sell:

-Physical products.

-Services.

-Intangible products (ebook, Premium Bog...)

Dont worry, your Coach will reject if it against the law or empowrs TOS.

4. How to list product for sale?

Before listing a product for sale, you have to refer to Cash Out policies here. You have to read it carefully and completely understand it for your own benefits.

My recommendation: the best way for you is listing Premium Blog for sale. After 24h since your posts were posted (no longer earn from posting any more), you should list them for sale.

To list a product for sale, you need to go to empowr marketplace, click "Create New Service or Product Listing" then follow the instruction to complete your listing.

If you list a product at the price of $500.00, 

- 20% will be paid to buyer as Instant Discount Earning ($100.00).

- 8% will be paid to empowr as listing fee ($40.00).

- You will get 72% of sale price ($360.00).

You have to list your product at the price as the following formula:

The sale price = X + 8%*X + 20% *X=1.28*X

X= Original price that you bought+ shipping fee + other fee + selling profits that you want

You can list at fixed price (one time purchase), auction or monthly subscription (does not apply for physical product).

5. How to sponsor an item?

- You need to buy product (that original seller allows other people sponsor it) first.

- In the first 72h, you can decide to keep it or sponsor it.

- If you want to sponsor it, go to the empowr marketplace, click"Sponsor this Listing".

6. How to maximize selling earnings?

- Develop your fanbase daily (to have more potential customer).

- List many types of product as you can. But focus on what people need the most.

- Sale at lowest price that you can (but you need to make sure you will earn profits).

- Create the auction at lowest price & shortest time ( but set revert price at the profitable limit).

- Let other people sponsor your product ( you will earn sponsoring commission).

- Sale as monthly subscription (have income monthly instead of one time).

What is empowr Ad Credits

1. What is empowr Ad Credits?

At the beginning, empowr provides $1,000.00 Ad Credits (not for FREE) to citizens to help them earn more quickly & effectively.

Ad Credits only can be utilized into Ads or Ad Campaign, Managed Ad Campaign.

You cant use it to buy thing, cant cash it out or using for any other purposes.

Example: you utilized $1,000 into Ads and earn $1,050 from Ads, you only can keep the profits = $1,050 - $1,000 = $50 and have to pay back utilized Ad Credits $1,000 to empowr before cashing out. 
You can use $50 (your profits) to do what you want as long as it qualifies the empowr policies. Depend on what you want to do, there will be a corresponding policy.

And you need to pay monthly Ad Platform fee until you pay back all utilized Ad Credits to empowr (we will discuss below).

2. Using Ad Credit is mandatory?

No. You can turn it OFF if you do not want to use it.

to turn Ad Credits OFF, please set utilization to 0% then "Save"

3. How to make money from Ad Credits?

- Fund into Ads.

- Fund into Ad Campaign.

- If you optimize your account, system will utilize Ad Credits via Managed Ad Campaign to help you earn more from posting contents (read about account optimization here).

4. How to utilize Ad Credits effectively?

If you only fund Ad Credits into Ads, Ad Campaign... then do nothing, only wait for cash out, I can tell you that you are making a very BIG mistake.

The profits from these earning ways nearly equals to the fee that you need to pay while using Ad Credits. You will not benefit this way.

Depend on your cashing out option, here are 02 best strategies for you:

Cash out option 1: Only utilize Ad Credit into Managed Ad Campaign (utilize Ad Credits as less as you can) , try to generate profits from posting contents as much as you can.

Cash out option 2: If you wish to cash out this way, you need to utilize Ad Credits as much as you can AND try to generate profits from posting contents as much as you can. Beside Managed Ad Campaign, you should create many Ads, Ad Campaign to utilize Ad Credit as much as you can.

(Read here to know about how to cash out from empowr and all cashing out options)

5. How Ad Platform fee is calculated?

There are 02 options for you when utilize Ad Credits:

- Pay Ad Platform fee monthly: the fee rate = 1.5x%.

If you choose this option, you will be able to optimize account, get rebate earning (50% of Ad Platform fee) and cash it out immediately.

- Pay Ad Paltform fee before cashing out: the fee rate = 2.9x%

If you choose this option, you will not receive rebate earning, will not be able to optimize account to maximize earnings.
But you will not to spend your own money until you are able to cash out. Thats the advantage point of this option.

The monthly Ad Platform fee = (fee rate)*(utilized Ad Credit)

choose the fee rate & how to pay for Ads

choose the option then click "Save"

6. How to pay Ad Platform fee?

You can use these source to pay Ad Platform fee:

- Earning 90-day matured if it exceed Ad Credit utilized at least $1.00 and Earning Preference is ON.

- If you are Power User and Earning Preference is ON, you can pay some or all of your fee from 0-day profits.

- PayPal, international chargeable card (like visa, master...)

-MoneyGram (ask billing@corp.empowr.com for the detail information before transfer your cash)

Why you CANT pay the fee from balance:

- You do not have profits.

- You have profit but you are not Power User or/and Earning Preference is OFF.

7. How to pay back utilized Ad Credit?

You can use these source to pay:

- Earning 90-day matured.

- PayPal, international chargeable card (like visa, master...)

-MoneyGram (ask billing@corp.empowr.com for the detail information before transfer your cash)

Why you CANT pay the utilized Ad Credits from balance:

- You do not have 90-day earning matured.

- Have 90-day earning matured but has not paid Ad Platform fee.

QUESTION? Ask me at comment section!

Shoaib Akhtar Autobiography Books Controversially Yours

Shoaib Akhtar Has Released His Autobiography Books Controversially Yours, Pakistani quick bowler Shoaib Akhtar has said that Pakistani pacer Wasim Akram influenced his profession and Shahrukh Khan controlled him. quite a few people have felt that now the newborn child repulsive of Pakistan cricket has been hushed until the end of time. Be that as it may, he returns, with a considerable measure more retribution in his most recent "Personal history"

Shoaib Akhtar Autobiography Books Controversially Yours Were he Talked about Indian cricket star and batsman Sachin Tendulkar.

Shoaib Akhtar reported his retirement over the span of the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011. Be that as it may, he keeps on rocking the bowling alley bouncers, this time by means of his disputable book, properly named "Dubiously Yours".

In his disputable book discharged, the Pakistan quick bowler, otherwise called Rawalpindi Express, touched upon a few issues concerning his own cricket as they influenced world cricket and consequently, has produced a lot of contention as of now.

Amongst the numerous things that are important, Akhtar conceded as much to ball altering and expressed that everybody enjoys ball altering and that he is the same. From numerous points of view, he is resounding the words utilized by Shahid Afridi when he was gotten ball altering, which can just convey further disgrace to Pakistan cricket.

He likewise said that Wasim Akram undermined to make revolt in the group if Shoaib Akhtar was incorporated in the group. He further affirmed that Shoaib Mallik was just made the Pakistan skipper in view of his nearness to the then Pakistan Cricket Board boss, Naseem Ashraf. Akhtar affirms that Akram attempted to annihilate his cricket career."I think players like

Sachin Tendulkar and Rahul Dravid werent precisely coordinate victors to begin with, nor did they know the craft of completing the diversion," Shoaib said.

Akhtars book is sure to auction hot the racks not especially in light of the fact that each page might fundamentally contain reality on the grounds that it is from Akhtars viewpoint but since of the sort of contentions he has been a section throughout the years, the greater part of which would have without a doubt been caught from his perspective point. This book will be accessible exceptionally child for Free Download.

Akhtar, who resigned from cricket taking after the 2011 World Cup

didnt timid away to uncover that he messed with the ball saying, "Everybody messes with the ball. I did as such as well. Altering ought to be legitimized."

Indus Pharma Company Jobs Karachi

Indus Pharma was founded by visionary the founder of the company Mr. Saeed Ismail in 1969. keeping in view the need of injectable products, contrary to the prevailing trends of oral preparation, Indus Pharma continually evolved to keep pace with the needs and expectations of the healthcare professionals through developing innovative and better therapeutic products to prevent and treat diseases and improve health and well being of the people.

Indus Pharma has state of art manufacturing facilities, which adhere to stringent specification of WHO, cGMP standards. To attain the cutting edge of excellence and to remain competitive in quality and productivity, Indus Pharma has always strived in technological advancement, upgrading and expanding its manufacturing plants, heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC), production, quality control equipments & systems. 

INDUS PHARMA COMPANY JOBS KARACHI FOR MAINTENANCE MANAGER, ASSOCIATE ENGINEERS APPLY AT khawar@indus-pharma.com Address Indus Pharma pvt ltd, Plot 65, Sector-27, Korangi Industrial Area,Karachi 74900 visit for more detail http://www.indus-pharma.com

How to cash out from empowr

HOW TO CASH OUT FROM empowr?

To cash out, you have 02 option to choose from:

 Option 1 (for the long term):

This option applies for both new citizens of empowr and old users from FanBox.

If you wish to cash out, you must meet these conditions:

- Pay all Ad Platform fee.

- Pay back all Ad Credits Utilized.

- The remain 90-day earnings mature must be $25.00 (minimum cashing out amount) or bigger.

- Earning Preference must be "ON" at least 90 consecutive days.

Option 2 (for the short term):

Right now this option applies for new citizens of empowr. Will be applied for old FanBox users in Jan-2016.

- Every time you pay Ad Platform fee, you will get 50% as rebate earning and it can be cashed out immediately. 

To use this option in the best profitable way, you need to be a highest Power User level as you can (pay Ad Platform fee from 100% 0-day profits, no need to pay from your own pocket), utilize Ad Credits as much as you can (you can cash out bigger amount). Work hard to earn much profits that you can, so that in the future, you can cash out both option 1&2.

Access into your Balance, click "Cash Out" button then choose your favorite payment method (PayPal or Bank Check), fill the required information then click "Submit".

You need to wait up to 10 business days (PayPal) or 4~8 week (Bank Check) to receive your payment.

By my experience, some time you get paid sooner than that, some time it takes more longer, but its not a big deal, you will get paid - if you made cashing out request successfully.

Why you CANT cash out?

You cant cash out if you do not meet cashing out policies, such as: have not paid IPL fee & Ad Credit utilized, do not have 90-day earning matured, have not turn Earning Preference ON (or turn ON but less than 90 consecutive days)

To solve it, read these articles:

- How to pay AdPlatform fee?

- How to pay back utilized Ad Credit?
- How to turn "Earning Preference" On? ... coming soon.
- How earnings matured?... coming soon.

Some people ask: when I can cash out?

With the option 1: No one can answer this question! Whys that? It depends on 03 vary elements: how much profits you make monthly, how much Ad Credits that system utilized from Managed Ad Campaign monthly and empowr will launch the new Power User level or not.

With option 2: After 15 days since you started to utilize Ad Credit, you will have the first fee due, if you pay fee on-time, you will get 50% fee as rebate earning and can cash it out immediately.

Some people do nothing but when they see a bunch of money, greedy rises up and want to cash out immediately. They dont know that its Ad Credits that empowr supplies them to help them earn (without using their own money), it can be cash out or utilized in any other purpose rather than fund into Ads or Ad Campaign to make profits.

And then they up set, rate their coach "0", rate the platform "0" then scream out loud "empowr scam" ( or "FanBox scam")! Its funny!

Please ask yourself, have you ever given away a single dollar?

empowr payment proof in May 2014

This is my empowr (FanBox) payment proof in Jun - 2015

$2,185.00

to see more, just click here
Want to make money with empowr? Learn how here

Analysis Checklist of Web sites Components of Blogs

Checklist for the analysis of Web sites

1- How navigable is the site?
2- How readable is the information on the site?
3- Is the site aesthetically pleasing?
4- How informative is the site?
5- How long does it take to get the page loaded onto the screen?
6- How does it look on the different browsers and different resolutions?
7- How does it come with Daily Updates and Breaking News?
8- Does it provide any system to enable readers to alert to mistakes and hold us accountable?
9- Does it provide the facility of Feed back?

Components of Blogs:
1- Subject or Header:
2- Content or Body:
3- Comments:
4- Time and Date Stamp:
5- Community:
6- Blogroll:
7- RSS feeds:
8- An archive feature for older articles.
9- Blogs also focus on a particular topic such as a corporate vision, politics, religion, sports, or health.

Make money with empowr Step 2

BUILD A LARGE NETWORK

check your gauge status from daily revenue statement to know what need to be improved

1. Why you need to build a large network?

-When you make money on empowr by posting a content, the more people in your network, the more potential views you might get, the more money you might earn.

-When you make money on empowr by listing a product for sale, the more people in your network, the more potential customer you have.

2. How to build a large network?

2.1. Become a fan of more people.

There are some difference ways for you to do this.

- Click "Become a fan" button from other people profile (see how to do here).

- Check fanbase and fan back your fans.

- Check the list of community and become fan all of them.

- From Home Page, if you can see some one that you are not a fan of, become fan of them (see how to do here).

- From leader board, click "Become a fan" button near their name (see how to do here).

- From any post that read, if you find some one that you are not a fan of, become fan of them (see how to do here).

2.2. Share, bid, buy from new people to add them into your network.

-Share (including these activities: comment, like, repost - see how to do here).

-Bid (see how to do here).

-Buy (see how to do here).

Where you can find product to share, bid & buy?

- From market place.

- From your Home Page or profile page (if your fans or friend list or advertise their product, it might be shown up on your home page).

What if you do not want to buy product after you won the auction?

- You can unpaid the item. This will cost you 5% of the win price as the cancellation fee.

How to bid if you do not want to win?

- You can check the price of the product that you want to bid on eBay, Amazon... you just place the bid that lower than 50% of actuall selling price :)! 

You need to do these action daily to keep your gauge looks like this:

( for the maximum result, you need to get 100%)

Explanation Of Cyber Terrorism

How Cyber terrorism Explained?

Any person, group or organization who, with terrorist intent utilizes, accesses or causes to be accessed a computer or computer network or electronic system or electronic device or by any available means, and thereby knowingly engages in or attempts to engage in a terrorist act commits the offense of cyber terrorism.

Explanation1: For the purposes of this section the expression “terrorist intent” means to act with the purpose to alarm, frighten, disrupt, harm, damage, or carry out an act of violence against any segment of the population, the Government or entity associated therewith.

Explanation2: For the purposes of this section the expression “terrorist act” includes, but is not limited to, Altering by addition, deletion, or change or attempting to alter information that may result in the imminent injury, sickness, or death to any segment of the population;

ii. Transmission or attempted transmission o a harmful program with the purpose of substantially

disrupting or disabling any computer network operated by the Government or any public entity;

Aiding the commission of or attempting to aid the commission of an act of violence against the

sovereignty of Pakistan, whether or not the commission of such act of violence is actually completed; or stealing or copying, or attempting to steal or copy, or secure classified information or data necessary to manufacture any form of chemical, biological or nuclear weapon, or any other weapon of mass destruction.

Whoever commits the offense of cyber terrorism and causes death of any person shall be punishable with death or imprisonment for life, and with line and in any other case he shall be punishable with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, or with fine not less than ten million rupees, or with both.

TV channel 8XM Launched in Pakistan 9XM

The New music TV channel 8XM Launched in Pakistan By Apna Network. This Channels is Copy of 9XM TV I dont know that is Apna network has legal rights for this channel or not?

APNA Channel is a satellite channel broadcasting from Thailand, and is envisaged as an infotainment channel telecasting in Punjabi language.



This is Free to Air Channel 8XM TV provide fresh, crisp & healthy entertainment along with news updates & current affairs, programs to keep the viewers updated on the national and global happenings By 8XM TV .

empowr review

Id like to give a short review about empowr.

1. General information.
empowr is the Open Alpha stage of FanBox (former sms.ac)

CEO: Michael Cyrus Pousti 
President: Martin Binnington (the first elected President was Brian Woosley)
Contact information:

• Consumer Product: support@corp.empowr.com
• Careers: hc@corp.empowr.com
• Business Development & Carrier
• Relations: partnerships@corp.empowr.com
• Investor Relations: investors@corp.empowr.com
• Press & Media Inquiries: media@corp.empowr.com
• Mailing Address: 113 West G Street, Suite 510, San Diego, CA 92101 United States

4. Is empowr legit?

Yes, see the United States Patent 8,073,774

5. How to make money with empowr?

• Posting contents (photo, video, blog post, feed).
• Selling.
• Boosting.
• Advertising.
• ... and many more!

6. How empowr make money to pay you?

• Premium fee (Power User & Ad Platform fee) from users.
• Ad fee from outside advertisers. 
• Market place fee.
• Revenue from selling digital product.

7. Is empowr paying?

Yes, click to see empowr payment proof.

8. Another review about empowr.

• Article on USAtoday
• Article on Forbes
• BBB A(+) rating
• 5 questions: Michael Pousti
• PRweb

Want to make money with empowr? Learn how here

empowr payment proof in Apr 2014

Here is my payment in Apr, 2014 from (FanBox) empowr.

$3,050.00 USD
to see more, just click here
Want to make money with empowr? Learn how here

Leading English Newspapers in Karachi History

On August 14, 1947, the leading English newspapers in Karachi were the "Sind Observer", The "Daily Gazette" and the "Karachi Daily". The former two were morning dailies and the latter was an eveninger. Al-Wahid was the leading Sindhi daily. There were some Urdu dailies but they did not have much prestige or popularity. Yet all these newspapers were firmly established and financially sound. The "Sind Observer", being more pronouncedly non-Muslim in character and outlook, led in circulation.The "Daily Gazette" was comparatively sober.

The non-Muslim share-holders of the "Sind Observer" and "Al- Wahid" sold their newspapers to Muslim politicians of the province, prominent among who was Mr. Muhammad Ayub Khuhro.The "Daily Gazette", which had among its financiers some Parsis who did not migrate, remained more or less under the same management with little change in policy. While the newspapers in the province of Sind, both English and Sindhi, were trying to adjust themselves to the new situation, they were overtaken by the newspapers which were forced to shift to Pakistan from Delhi, the Indian capital. The first batch of educated middle class men and women who arrived in Karachi at the time were mostly from Delhi and along with them arrived the English daily Dawn, Urdu dailies Anjam, Jang and, a little later, Manshoor. Both groups of newspapers—those already established in Karachi and the new ones transplanted from Delhi—had their own difficulties to face in the wake of the division of India. The immigrant newspapers however got an upper hand and quickly established their hold over the public.

On the Urdu side, the pre-partition newspapers suffered from certain disadvantages. The number of their readers was limited because the Urdu-knowing and Urdu-reading population then in Karachi was very small. They had meager financial resources to support them and subsisted mainly on blackmail, their target being generally the feudal non-Muslim class in Sind politics. After Independence this source ceased to be available. The newspapers which the immigrant population brought with it virtually sounded the death-knell for this section of the press. In these circumstances the old newspapers of Karachi had hardly any prestige. The "Sind Observer" and "The Daily Gazette" were taken over by The Civil and Military Gazette of Lahore.

The others slowly went out of circulation. Not only did "Dawn", "Jang" and "Anjam" gain popularity and economic stability, new newspapers in Urdu, Sindhi and Gujerati also started appearing. Among them were three well-known newspapers, "Vatan" (Gujrati), "Sara Jadid" (Urdu) and "Manshoor" (Urdu) which came from Bombay, Calcutta and Delhi to join the fold of the Karachi Press. The Pakistan Heraiad Limited (the company which owns Dawn) also boldly ventured into the field of the indigenous language press with Urdu and Gujerati editions. Dawn (English) generally kept on the right side of the Government. This policy was revised with the dismissal of the Nazim-ud-Din Ministry by the Governor-General. It supported the foreign policy of the Government, but on internal issues it often attacked the government.

It invited the wrath of those in power for criticizing the failure of the authorities concerned to unearth the baffling mystery of Mr. Liaqat Ali Khans assassination. This led to imposition of certain restrictions on it. Government departments were instructed not to issue advertisements to this paper and not to patronize it in establishments under Government control. Obviously a harsh treatment, this policy invited a good deal of critical attention, but Mr. Gurmani, the then Minister of Interior, replied to an enquiry with the remark that the Government does not impose restrictions simply to withdraw them. Nevertheless.

the Prime Minister withdrew these restrictions soon after the above-mentioned statement of the
Minister of Interior, and, of all the places, this decision was announced at Dacca which makes it. Reasonable to assume that the rumour that some bargain had been struck was not without foundation. This English daily always advocated a strong attitude towards India to which it invariably referred as "Bharat". Conservative in its outlook, this paper did not plead for revolutionary changes in the economic structure of the country. In industrial disputes, it would be inclined to side with the employers, but in the countrys political affairs it supported, at times, certain political groups opposed to the Centre. This trend in its policy added to its popularity, as it did, rightly or wrongly; give the impression that Dawn was not the mouthpiece of the government but voice of the common people. Its Editor, Mr. Altaf Hussain, had an effective style and forceful pen which won him international repute, according to his friends, while his critics did not agree with this opinion. Mr. Altaf Hussains attitude, as reflected by the paper, on the language issue was not always consistent. However, Dawn fully supported the Centre when the. Latter, in 1955, dismissed the United Front Ministry in East Bengal under Section 92-A of the Government of India Act, 1935. On the whole, this newspaper is one of the few standard and independent newspapers of Pakistan, and its contribution towards introducing Pakistan to foreign lands is also commendable. It reproduces features and articles from well known foreign newspapers. Over the years Dawn has grown into a high quality-newspaper, the only daily which in its own right can claim international standard. Of late, its financial position, according to certain circles, has shown some strain which may have been caused by expansion in its services. It has now established its Lahore edition.Though not yet a fully developed Lahore daily, it may overtake other Lahore English newspapers in circulation and intellectual leadership provided, of course, its managerial and editorial bosses demonstrate broad mindedness in their approach to national issues. The nation will surely salute it if it raises equal to the expectations of the nation.
"The Times of Karachi" was the descendent of "The Evening Times" which closed down in 1953 though it was again brought out in 1958 from Lahore. The former was the only English paper which, under the editorship of Mr. Z.A. Suleri, a journalist of great intellectual vigour, could in a way compete with Dawn particularly in respect of monetary resources, reading matter and equipment. It had the support of "Big Money" and in turn it supported the big industrialists and capitalists. It opposed any economic reform which might in any manner be akin to socialism. It also favoured an Islamic constitution without clearly defining its full implications. It supported Urdu as the only official and national language for the country.
It opposed the United Front in East Bengal, and while opposing all leftist political thought, it also opposed the Muslim League. It supported the policy of the Centre in relation to the provinces. The speed with which its editor succeeded in establishing the paper astounded journalistic circles in the country. In matters of foreign policy it had at times given the impression of being opposed to the British and of favouring American policies. It supported Muslim nationalism in the Middle East, especially in so far as it aimed at uprooting British influence there. Its anti-communist stance was of the most uncompromising nature. It reproduced features, articles and despatches from the Observer of London. It would have reached greater heights of journalism if vicissitudes of politics had not intervened. The Morning News of Karachi was a descendent of the Morning News of Calcutta. This newspaper was the youngest of the three English morningers in Karachi, and was published simultaneously from Dacca. It had hardly any clear-cut views on any national or international issue. The policy of the Morning News of Karachi did not necessarily correspond with that of its counter-part in Dacca. It was an independent paper with an eye on business rather than on the propagation of any set political philosophy or policy. Its circulation was by and large limited to Karachi, but its Get-A-Word puzzle was popular. The printing facilities that this newspaper possessed were not up to the mark, though the National Press Trust, which owned it, made fruitless efforts to improve and modernize it. Unfortunately its financial situation did not show any progress with the result that the NPT had to close it down.